Nti tsim ua
Yog tias koj nug dab tsi yog cov khoom siv ntawm cov nti, txhua tus yuav yooj yim muab cov lus teb-nws yog silicon. Qhov no tsis yog cuav, tab sis qhov twg silicon tuaj ntawm? Qhov tseeb, nws yog cov xuab zeb uas tsis pom zoo tshaj plaws. Nws' s nyuaj xav txog tej yam. Cov khoom kim kim, tsis yooj yim, muaj zog, thiab cov khoom sib txawv txawv tuaj ntawm cov xuab zeb uas tsis muaj nqi. Ntawm chav kawm, yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem tsim tsim muaj nyob hauv ib nrab.
Cov khoom siv yooj yim rau kev tsim khoom chips
Yog tias koj nug dab tsi yog cov khoom siv ntawm cov nti, txhua tus yuav yooj yim muab cov lus teb-nws yog silicon. Qhov no tsis yog cuav, tab sis qhov twg silicon tuaj ntawm? Qhov tseeb, nws yog cov xuab zeb uas tsis pom zoo tshaj plaws. Nws' s nyuaj xav txog tej yam. Cov khoom kim kim, tsis yooj yim, muaj zog, thiab cov khoom sib txawv txawv tuaj ntawm cov xuab zeb uas tsis muaj nqi. Ntawm chav kawm, yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem tsim tsim muaj nyob hauv ib nrab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog ib txhais tes ntawm cov xuab zeb tuaj yeem siv ua raw khoom. Nws yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo xaiv kom rho tawm cov purest silicon raw cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm nws. Xav txog yog tias qhov pheej yig tshaj cov khoom siv nrog cov peev nyiaj txaus siv los ua cov chips, dab tsi yuav yog qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom tiav, koj tseem tuaj yeem siv lub tshuab ua haujlwm siab zoo li tam sim no?
Ntxiv rau silicon, cov khoom tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov chips yog hlau. Txog tam sim no, txhuas tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv hlau loj rau kev ua cov khoom sab hauv ntawm cov txheej txheem, thaum tooj liab yog maj mam raug tshem tawm. Qhov no yog vim qee yam. Thaum tam sim no nti ua hauj lwm voltage, electromigration cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhuas yog qhov zoo tshaj tooj liab. Qhov teeb meem hu ua electromigration hais txog thaum muaj hluav taws xob ntau dhau los ntawm ib ntu ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, cov atoms ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib cov khoom cuam tshuam los ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab tawm hauv qhov chaw qub, tawm ntawm qhov chaw seem. Nyob hauv lwm qhov chaw yuav ua rau lub voj voos luv nyob rau lwm qhov chaw thiab cuam tshuam lub cav qhov ua haujlwm ntawm lub nti, uas yuav ua rau lub nti tsis zoo siv.
Qhov no yog qhov laj thawj vim li cas ntau Northwood Pentium 4 hloov pauv nrog SNDS (North Wood Storm Syndrome). Thaum cov neeg txaus siab ua ntej overclocked Northwood Pentium 4, lawv mob siab rau kom ua tiav qhov ua tiav. Thaum lub nti voltage tau nce siab, teeb meem electromigration teeb meem loj ua rau lub nti tuag tes tuag taw. Qhov no yog Intel' s thawj zaug paub nrog tooj liab sib txuas tshuab, thiab nws kom meej meej xav tau qee qhov kev txhim kho. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, kev siv tooj liab sib txuas ua ke tshuab tuaj yeem txo qhov chaw chip. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, vim muaj qhov qis dua ntawm tus tooj liab, qhov tam sim no dhau ntawm nws kuj nrawm dua.
Ntxiv nrog rau ob yam khoom siv tseem ceeb no, qee yam ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj yog cov xav tau hauv cov qauv tsim chip. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm sib txawv thiab yuav tsis rov ua dua ntawm no.
Kev npaj theem ntawm kev tsim chip
Tom qab kev sib sau ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog ua tiav, qee cov khoom siv raw no yuav tsum tau npaj ua ntej. Raws li cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev ua cov silicon yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov khoom siv silicon yuav tsum muaj cov tshuaj huv, thiab cov kauj ruam no coj lawv mus rau theem cov khoom siv raw uas tuaj yeem siv tau los ntawm kev lag luam semiconductor. Txhawm rau cov txheej txheem ntawm silicon raw kom tau raws li cov kev xav ua ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke, lawv kuj yuav tsum tau puab. Cov kauj ruam no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev ua cov tshuaj silicon raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab tom qab ntawd nchuav kua silicon mus rau hauv lub thawv loj uas kub quartz.
Tom qab ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv raw tau yaj li ntawm qhov kub siab. Peb tau kawm hauv tsev kawm qib nrab cov chav kawm txog tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj ntau cov atoms hauv ib qho khoom muaj cov qauv crystalline, zoo li silicon. Txhawm rau kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov txheej txheem ua kom tau zoo, tag nrho cov khoom siv silicon yuav tsum yog cov siab ntshiab thiab ib leeg siv silicon. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom siv silicon yog coj tawm los ntawm cov thawv ntim khoom kub los ntawm kev ua kom pom kev ua kom pom, thiab ua kom cov kua roj ib qho silicon ingot yog tsim. Kev txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem siv tam sim no, txoj kab uas hla ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm txoj kab sib txuas ntawm silicon ingot yog 200 hli. Tab sis tam sim no Intel thiab qee cov tuam txhab tau pib siv 300 hli txoj kab uas hla silicon. Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev kom nce thaj chaw ntoo khaub lig-seem thaum khaws cov yam ntxwv ntau ntawm silicon ingot, tab sis ntev li ntev tau lub tuam txhab txaus siab nqis peev ntau los kawm, nws tseem tuaj yeem ua tiav. Intel' s lub Hoobkas tsim rau kev txhim kho thiab tsim tawm ntawm 300 hli hli silicon ingots raug nqi kwv yees li 3.5 billion Asmeskas las. Kev vam meej ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab ua rau Intel tsim cov hluav taws xob sib xyaw nrog ntau cov haujlwm ntau thiab muaj zog. Kev siv 200-millimeter silicon ingot cog kuj raug nqi $ 1.5 txhiab. Cov chip tsim cov txheej txheem pib nrog cov hlais ntawm cov roj silicon.
Ib leeg siv lead ua silicon
Tom qab ua cov tshuaj silicon ingot thiab xyuas kom meej tias nws yog ib lub tog raj kheej kiag, cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog hlais cov kab ua ib qho silicon ingot. Daim nyias nyias cov hlais, cov khoom siv tsawg dua yog siv, thiab cov khoom siv roj ib txwm tsim tawm tuaj yeem tsim tawm. Zawv zawg kuj tseem yuav tsum tau daim iav ua tiav kom paub meej tias cov nplaim tau zoo nkauj, thiab tom qab ntawd kos rau kev cuam tshuam lossis lwm yam teeb meem. Cov kauj ruam no ntawm kev kuaj xyuas kev ua tau zoo yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws, nws ncaj qha txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov nti.
Cov hlais tawm tshiab yuav tsum tau doped nrog qee cov tshuaj kom ua rau lawv mus rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tiag tiag, thiab tom qab ntawd transistor circuits uas sawv cev rau ntau lub laj thawj kev ua haujlwm yog sau rau ntawm lawv. Cov khoom siv doped atoms nkag rau qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm silicon atoms, thiab atomic forces ua rau txhua lwm yam kom cov khoom siv silicon muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm semiconductors. Niaj hnub no' s semiconductor kev tsim khoom yog ntau dua ntawm CMOS cov txheej txheem (ua tiav cov hlau-oxide-semiconductor). Lo lus sib dhos hais txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm N-hom MOS transistors thiab P-type MOS transistors hauv semiconductors. N thiab P sawv cev rau cov tsis zoo electrode thiab cov electrode zoo sib txawv hauv cov txheej txheem hluav taws xob. Feem ntau, cov hlais doped nrog cov tshuaj kom tsim P-hom substrate. Cov cav hluav taws xob Circuit Court sau rau ntawm nws yuav tsum tau tsim los ua raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm nMOS Circuit Court. Hom transistor no muaj qhov chaw siv ntau dua thiab muaj zog dua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, feem ntau, cov tsos ntawm pMOS transistors yuav tsum tau txwv ntau li ntau tau, vim tias, tom qab theem ntawm kev tsim khoom, N-hom cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau cog rau hauv P-hom substrate, thiab qhov no cov txheej txheem yuav ua rau kev tsim ntawm pMOS leeg.
Tom qab ua haujlwm ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj yog ua tiav, cov txheej txheem slicing tiav. Tom qab ntawd txhua daim muab tso rau hauv qhov cub ua kom sov thiab cua sov, thiab zaj duab silicon dioxide yog tsim nyob rau ntawm cov nplais nto los ntawm kev tswj lub sijhawm cua sov. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov kub thiab txias, huab cua tsim, thiab cua sov lub sijhawm, lub thickness ntawm silica txheej tuaj yeem tswj tau. Hauv Intel' s 90-nanometer kev tsim khoom, lub rooj vag oxide dav yog me me li ib qho zoo kawg nkaus 5 atoms tuab. Qhov no txheej rooj vag Circuit Court kuj yog ib feem ntawm transistor rooj vag Circuit Court. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm transistor rooj vag Circuit Court yog tswj cov ntws ntawm cov hluav taws xob nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Los ntawm kev tswj ntawm lub rooj vag hluav taws xob, qhov ntws ntawm hluav taws xob muaj kev tswj hwm nruj me ntsis, tsis hais qhov loj me ntawm cov tswv yim thiab cov zis hluav taws xob qhov chaw nres nkoj voltage. Cov txheej txheem kawg ntawm kev npaj yog los npog daim duab photosensitive ntawm txheej silicon dioxide. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom no yog siv rau lwm daim ntawv thov tswj nyob hauv tib txheej. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom no muaj cov txheej txheem zoo thaum nws qhuav, thiab tom qab txheej txheem photolithography dhau lawm, nws tuaj yeem yaj thiab tshem tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj.
Txoj Kev Tawv Duab
Qhov no yog qhov nyuaj heev ntawm kev tsim khoom tsim chip tam sim no. Vim li cas koj thiaj hais li ntawd? Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem duab los yog siv qee lub nthwv dej ntawm lub teeb rau etch qhov sib txuam tau hauv cov txheej txheej photosensitive, yog li hloov cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom siv ntawd. Cov thev naus laus zis no muaj qhov txwv nruj tshaj plaws ntawm lub nthwv dej ntawm lub teeb siv, uas yuav tsum tau siv luv luv-luv-luv lub teeb duab ntawm ultraviolet rays thiab lub vov loj dua. Cov txheej txheem etching tseem cuam tshuam los ntawm stains ntawm lub wafer. Txhua kauj ruam ntawm etching yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab muag heev. Tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau los tsim txhua kauj ruam ntawm tus txheej txheem tuaj yeem ntsuas hauv 10GB, thiab cov kauj ruam etching tsim nyog los tsim txhua cov txheej txheem yog ntau tshaj 20 kauj ruam (txhua txheej yog etched). Ntxiv mus, yog tias cov duab kos etched ntawm txhua txheej tau nthuav dav ntau zaus, nws tuaj yeem nyuaj dua daim duab taw qhia ntawm tag nrho New York City ntxiv rau thaj tsam nroog loj. Xav hauv siab txo qis tag nrho New York daim ntawv qhia rau thaj tsam ntawmtsuas yog 100 square millimeters. Nyob rau ntawm lub nti, tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem xav tias yuav ua li cas nyuaj cov qauv ntawm cov nti no.
Thaum twg tag nrho cov etchings no tiav, lub wafer yog tig dua. Lub teeb hluav taws xob luv luv yog irradiated mus rau qhov kev sib raug zoo txheej ntawm wafer los ntawm hollowed nqis siab ntawm tus quartz template, thiab tom qab ntawd lub teeb thiab cov qauv tshem tawm. Cov xim txheej txheej txheej sab nrauv tawm sab nraud yog tshem tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj, thiab cov tshuaj silicon dioxide tam sim ntawd tsim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw seem.
Doping
Tom qab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom ua kom lub ntsej muag raug tshem tawm, qhov seem tshuav yog lub silicon dioxide txheej ntawm cov dej puv puv thiab nthuav tawm cov silicon txheej hauv qab txheej. Tom qab cov kauj ruam no, lwm txheej silicon dioxide tiav. Tom qab ntawd, lwm txheej polysilicon nrog txheej xim kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntxiv. Polysilicon yog lwm yam ntawm rooj vag Circuit Court. Vim yog siv cov khoom siv hlau ua khoom siv (yog li lub npe hlau oxide semiconductors) ntawm no, polysilicon tso cai rau cov rooj vag tsim ua ntej qhov hluav taws xob nyob ntawm transistor queue chaw nres nkoj ua kom nquag plias. Cov txheej txheej photosensitive kuj tseem ua raws li lub ntsej muag luv-luv luv los ntawm lub npog ntsej muag. Tom qab lwm etching, txhua qhov yuav tsum tau rooj vag ncig yeej tau tsim. Tom qab ntawd, nthuav tawm cov tshuaj silicon txheej yog sib zog hauv dej ions. Lub hom phiaj ntawm no yog los tsim N-channel lossis P-channel. Cov txheej txheem doping no tsim tag nrho cov transistors thiab cov Circuit Court sib txuas ntawm lawv. Tsis muaj transistor muaj kev tawm tswv yim thiab cov zis tawm, thiab ob xaus yog hu ua chaw nres nkoj.
Rov ua qhov txheej txheem no
Los ntawm cov kauj ruam no, koj yuav txuas ntxiv ua cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, ntxiv ib txheej ntawm silicon dioxide, thiab tom qab ntawd lithography ib zaug. Rov ua cov kauj ruam no, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj ntau cov txheej txheem tsim peb-seem, uas yog lub xeev embryonic ntawm lub processor uas koj tab tom siv. Nruab nrab ntawm txhua txheej, thev naus laus zis ntawm cov xim hlau siv los ua qhov zoo sib txuas ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Niaj hnub no' s P4 processor siv 7 txheej txheej hlau txuas, thaum Athlon64 siv 9 txheej. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khaubncaws uas siv tau yog nyob ntawm qhov pib teeb tsa tsim thiab tsis ncaj qha rau kev sib tw ua qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov khoom kawg.
Hauv ob peb lub asthiv tom ntej no, cov chaw cia mus kuaj yuav raug kuaj ib qho, xws li sim cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob ntawm lub wafer seb puas muaj cov kev ua yuam kev, thiab yog tias muaj, ntawm txheej twg thiab lwm yam. Tom qab ntawv, txhua nti ntawm lub khob ntawm qhov teeb meem uas muaj teeb meem yuav tau sim ib tus zuj zus los txiav txim siab seb lub nti puas muaj cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb.
Tom qab ntawd, tag nrho wafer yog txiav mus rau hauv tus kheej cov nti nti nti. Hauv kev sim thawj zaug, cov koog uas ua tsis tiav qhov kev xeem yuav raug tso tseg. Cov nti ua haujlwm uas tau txiav tawm yuav tau ntim rau hauv ib txoj kev kom nws tuaj yeem ntseeg nkaws mus rau hauv cov kab ntawv niam ntawm ib qho kev paub tshwj xeeb interface. Feem ntau cov Intel thiab AMD cov txheej txheem thaiv nrog cov ntawv tshav kub. Tom qab cov khoom tiav ntawm cov nplai ua tiav, tag nrho cov nti ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas kuj tseem yuav tsum tau ua. Ntu no yuav tsim cov qib qib sib txawv ntawm cov khoom lag luam, qee cov chips ua haujlwm ntawm qhov ntsuas siab heev, yog li lub npe thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv loj muaj npe, thiab cov chips uas muaj tsawg zaus ua haujlwm raug hloov kho rau cov ntawv sau, lwm cov qauv qis. Qhov no yog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev lag luam sib txawv. Thiab qee tus txheej txheem yuav muaj qee qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv chip muaj nuj nqi. Piv txwv li, nws muaj qhov tsis xws luag hauv lub cache txoj haujlwm (qhov tsis xws luag no txaus ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov nti ua kom tuag tes tuag taw), tom qab ntawd lawv yuav thaiv los ntawm qee lub peev xwm cache, txo kev ua haujlwm, thiab yog qhov tseeb, txo tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no yog Celeron Thiab keeb kwm ntawm Sempron.
Tom qab cov txheej txheem ntim ntawm cov nti tau ua tiav, ntau cov khoom lag luam yuav tsum tau ua lwm qhov kev sim kom paub tseeb tias tsis muaj qhov tsis nco qab ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim tawm yav dhau los, thiab cov khoom tau ua tiav raws li cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb tsis muaj kev tsis sib txawv.
Kab lus thiab cov duab hauv Is Taws Nem, yog muaj ib qho dab tsi thov hu rau peb kom tshem tawm.
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